NANOSPONGES AS AN ADVANCED NANOCARRIER FOR IMPROVING THE SOLUBILITY AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF POORLY WATER-SOLUBLE DRUGS

Abstract

During the manufacturing of various drugs and formulations, the “solubility and bioavailability” are pivotal aspects because approx. 40% of novel drugs have low aqueous solubility which cause a greater challenge in the pharmaceutical applications. In the conventional drug delivery system, an oral route is a most acceptable route for administration of various drugs however, this route also acts as a barrier to achieve a desired pharmacological action of many drugs. When a drug is administered into the body, it crosses numerous barriers (that are present in our body) and after that drug will then be reached at the target site where it could not be able to reveals its complete pharmacological action since most of its activity has lost via several barriers such as (Saliva, Liver and GIT, etc.). That’s why the solubility and bioavailability have been getting affected in a large extent so to overcome these issues, the scientists have been developed an “Innovative approach” that’s called the “Nanosponges”. Nanosponges are the innovative nano-sized material containing hyper crosslinked cyclodextrin that can be manufactured through interaction of cyclodextrin with an appropriate cross linker. β-cyclodextrin is a characteristic polymer that boosts an entrapment efficiency of nanosponges and microparticles, etc., and also responsible for enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of poorly aqueous soluble drugs. Nanosponges have three-dimensional framework or scaffold structure that hold both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs since their inner core contain lipophilic properties while outer part have hydrophilic branching. One of greater benefits of the nanosponges are improve patient compliance and to achieve targeted and controlled release of drugs in an extensive manner. They are crystalline or paracrystalline in nature. An entrapment efficiency of therapeutic agents can be decided via paracrystalline nanosponges. They are non-toxic, biodegradable and do not produce any discomfort. Nanosponges contain size below<1um, their size is small however, their functions have a greater impact not only in the pharmaceutical sectors but also play a significant role in various fields including “Biomedical engineering, Purification of water, Gene therapy, as a Chemical Sensor, Biocatalysts” and much more. In this review article, authors have highlighted the basic Introduction of Nanosponges, Characteristic features, Classification, Composition, Mechanism and loading of Drug intoNanosponges, Methods of Preparation, their Evaluation, Marketed formulations of Nanosponges, Illustrations of Nanosponges with their several Applications.